-
1 American Institute of Chemists
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > American Institute of Chemists
-
2 Fellow of the American Institute of Chemists
Abbreviation: FAICУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Fellow of the American Institute of Chemists
-
3 Американский институт химиков
Русско-английский словарь по нефти и газу > Американский институт химиков
-
4 Американский институт химиков
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Американский институт химиков
-
5 A.I.C.
Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > A.I.C.
-
6 Американский институт химиков
Oil: AIC (American Institute of Chemists), American Institute of ChemistsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Американский институт химиков
-
7 Американское общество химиков
Ecology: American Institute of ChemistsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Американское общество химиков
-
8 Институт химиков США
Engineering: American Institute of ChemistsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Институт химиков США
-
9 член Американского института химиков
General subject: Fellow of the American Institute of ChemistsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > член Американского института химиков
-
10 Carlson, Chester Floyd
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 8 July 1906 Seattle, Washington, USAd. 19 September 1968 New York, USA[br][br]Carlson studied physics at the California Institute of Technology and in 1930 he took a research position at Bell Telephone Laboratories, but soon transferred to their patent department. To equip himself in this field, Carlson studied law, and in 1934 he became a patent attorney at P.R.Mallory \& Co., makers of electrical apparatus. He was struck by the difficulty in obtaining copies of documents and drawings; indeed, while still at school, he had encountered printing problems in trying to produce a newsletter for amateur chemists. He began experimenting with various light-sensitive substances, and by 1937 he had conceived the basic principles of xerography ("dry writing"), using the property of certain substances of losing an electrostatic charge when light impinges on them. His work for Mallory brought him into contact with the Battelle Memorial Institute, the world's largest non-profit research organization; their subsidiary, set up to develop promising ideas, took up Carlson's invention. Carlson received his first US patent for the process in 1940, with two more in 1942, and he assigned to Battelle exclusive patent rights in return for a share of any future proceeds. It was at Battelle that selenium was substituted as the light-sensitive material.In 1946 the Haloid Company of Rochester, manufacturers of photographic materials and photocopying equipment, heard of the Xerox copier and, seeing it as a possible addition to their products, took out a licence to develop it commercially. The first Xerox Copier was tested during 1949 and put on the market the following year. The process soon began to displace older methods, such as Photostat, but its full impact on the public came in 1959 with the advent of the Xerox 914 Copier. It is fair to apply the overworked word "revolution" to the change in copying methods initiated by Carlson. He became a multimillionaire from his royalties and stock holding, and in his last years he was able to indulge in philanthropic activities.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1968, New York Times, 20 September.R.M.Schaffert, 1954, "Developments in xerography", Penrose Annual.J.Jewkes, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, pp. 405–8.LRD -
11 Haber, Fritz
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 9 December 1868 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)d. 29 January 1934 Basel, Switzerland[br]German chemist, inventor of the process for the synthesis of ammonia.[br]Haber's father was a manufacturer of dyestuffs, so he studied organic chemistry at Berlin and Heidelberg universities to equip him to enter his father's firm. But his interest turned to physical chemistry and remained there throughout his life. He became Assistant at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1894; his first work there was on pyrolysis and electrochemistry, and he published his Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie in 1898. Haber became famous for thorough and illuminating theoretical studies in areas of growing practical importance. He rose through the academic ranks and was appointed a full professor in 1906. In 1912 he was also appointed Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem, outside Berlin.Early in the twentieth century Haber invented a process for the synthesis of ammonia. The English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes (1832–1919) had warned of the danger of mass hunger because the deposits of Chilean nitrate were becoming exhausted and nitrogenous fertilizers would not suffice for the world's growing population. A solution lay in the use of the nitrogen in the air, and the efforts of chemists centred on ways of converting it to usable nitrate. Haber was aware of contemporary work on the fixation of nitrogen by the cyanamide and arc processes, but in 1904 he turned to the study of ammonia formation from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. During 1907–9 Haber found that the yield of ammonia reached an industrially viable level if the reaction took place under a pressure of 150–200 atmospheres and a temperature of 600°C (1,112° F) in the presence of a suitable catalyst—first osmium, later uranium. He devised an apparatus in which a mixture of the gases was pumped through a converter, in which the ammonia formed was withdrawn while the unchanged gases were recirculated. By 1913, Haber's collaborator, Carl Bosch had succeeded in raising this laboratory process to the industrial scale. It was the first successful high-pressure industrial chemical process, and solved the nitrogen problem. The outbreak of the First World War directed the work of the institute in Dahlem to military purposes, and Haber was placed in charge of chemical warfare. In this capacity, he developed poisonous gases as well as the means of defence against them, such as gas masks. The synthetic-ammonia process was diverted to produce nitric acid for explosives. The great benefits and achievement of the Haber-Bosch process were recognized by the award in 1919 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but on account of Haber's association with chemical warfare, British, French and American scientists denounced the award; this only added to the sense of bitterness he already felt at his country's defeat in the war. He concentrated on the theoretical studies for which he was renowned, in particular on pyrolysis and autoxidation, and both the Karlsruhe and the Dahlem laboratories became international centres for discussion and research in physical chemistry.With the Nazi takeover in 1933, Haber found that, as a Jew, he was relegated to second-class status. He did not see why he should appoint staff on account of their grandmothers instead of their ability, so he resigned his posts and went into exile. For some months he accepted hospitality in Cambridge, but he was on his way to a new post in what is now Israel when he died suddenly in Basel, Switzerland.[br]Bibliography1898, Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie.1927, Aus Leben und Beruf.Further ReadingJ.E.Coates, 1939, "The Haber Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society: 1,642–72.M.Goran, 1967, The Story of Fritz Haber, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (includes a complete list of Haber's works).LRD
См. также в других словарях:
American Solar Energy Society — The American Solar Energy Society (ASES) is an association of solar professionals and advocates in the United States. Founded in 1954,[1] ASES is dedicated to inspiring an era of energy innovation and speeding the transition toward a sustainable… … Wikipedia
A.I.C. — American Institute of Chemists. * * * … Universalium
A.I.C. — American Institute of Chemists … Useful english dictionary
Liste der chemischen Gesellschaften — Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 International 2 Deutschland 3 Europa 4 USA 5 Übrige Länder … Deutsch Wikipedia
Liste De Sociétés Savantes Des États-Unis — US Professional Scientific Societies, Nongovernmental Scientific Organizations: Acoustical Society of America American Anthropological Association American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy… … Wikipédia en Français
Liste de societes savantes des Etats-Unis — Liste de sociétés savantes des États Unis US Professional Scientific Societies, Nongovernmental Scientific Organizations: Acoustical Society of America American Anthropological Association American Association for the Advancement of Science… … Wikipédia en Français
Liste de sociétés savantes des États-Unis — Cet article donne la Liste de sociétés savantes des États Unis:[1]. Acoustical Society of America American Anthropological Association American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy American… … Wikipédia en Français
Liste de sociétés savantes des états-unis — US Professional Scientific Societies, Nongovernmental Scientific Organizations: Acoustical Society of America American Anthropological Association American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy… … Wikipédia en Français
Sociétés savantes des États-Unis — Liste de sociétés savantes des États Unis US Professional Scientific Societies, Nongovernmental Scientific Organizations: Acoustical Society of America American Anthropological Association American Association for the Advancement of Science… … Wikipédia en Français
Ralph Hirschmann — Ralph Franz Hirschmann (* 6. Mai 1922 in Fürth; † 20. Juni 2009 in Lansdale, Pennsylvania) war ein US amerikanischer Chemiker. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben und Werk 2 Veröffentlichungen 3 Preise … Deutsch Wikipedia
David R. Bryant — (born on May 8, 1936, in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA) is an internationally acclaimed organic chemist, having worked his entire thirty nine year ‘early career’ at Union Carbide. He is inventor on some ninety patents, and a recipient of the… … Wikipedia